I. Definitions and Classification of Braces and Orthoses 

Braces and orthoses are commonly used external support devices in orthopedic rehabilitation, aiming to improve or restore patients' physical functions through physical means. Braces are typically used for short-term or temporary support and fixation, while orthoses are more often employed for long-term functional recovery and correction of deformities. 

Orthoses and braces can be classified into upper limb braces, lower limb braces, trunk braces, and specific-site orthoses based on the different parts of the body they are used on and their functions. Common braces include cervical collars, lumbar braces, and shoulder joint fixation belts; orthoses include foot orthoses, ankle-foot orthoses (AFO), and knee-ankle-foot orthoses (KAFO), etc. 

II. Functions of Braces and Orthoses 

Stability and support. The most fundamental functions of braces and orthoses are to provide stability and support. For instance, a cervical collar can stabilize the cervical vertebrae and prevent excessive movement; a lumbar brace can support and protect the lumbar vertebrae and reduce their load. 

2. Fixed function. After a fracture or surgery, braces and orthoses are often used to fix the injured area and promote healing. For example, a clavicle fixation band can be used to fix a clavicle fracture and prevent it from shifting. 

3. Protective function. Braces and orthoses can also protect injured areas from further damage. For instance, knee pads worn after a knee injury can reduce joint wear and impact. 

4. Assisting movement function. Some orthoses, such as knee-ankle-foot orthoses (KAFO) and paraplegic walkers, can provide assisting movement functions for patients, helping them walk or stand. 

5. Prevent and correct deformities. For congenital or acquired skeletal deformities, such as scoliosis and clubfoot, braces and orthoses can prevent and correct deformities through long-term wearing. 

6. Weight-bearing function. Some orthoses, such as prostheses, can also provide weight-bearing function for patients, helping them to resume normal life and work capabilities. 

III. Correct Usage Methods of Braces and Orthoses 

1. Choose the appropriate brace or orthosis. Before using a brace or orthosis, it is essential to select the right model and size. Patients should consult a professional orthopedic doctor or rehabilitation therapist to make the selection based on their condition and physical status. 

2. Correct wearing.

(1) Neck brace. When wearing a neck brace, hold both ends with both hands, unfold the brace flat, wrap it around the neck from both sides to the back, and make the left and right sides overlap, then secure it. Adjust the comfort level to avoid it being too tight or too loose.

(2) Thoracolumbar brace. Prepare a set of thoracolumbar brace. Have the patient lie on their side, place the back brace on the lumbar and thoracic region, and assist them to lie flat. Place the front brace on the chest and abdomen, overlap the front and back braces at the midaxillary line, and fasten the straps. The tightness of the brace should allow one finger to be inserted.

(3) Shoulder joint fixation belt. For shoulder injuries such as clavicle fractures, a shoulder joint fixation belt is needed. Place the fixation belt over the patient's shoulders, causing the shoulders to externally rotate excessively and maintaining a posture of chest out and head up. At the same time, use a sling or triangular bandage to fix the forearm in front of the chest, and require the patient to wear it for 24 hours. 

3. Precautions:

(1) Ensure the brace is effectively fixed. The wearing position should be accurate and the tightness appropriate. If it is too tight, it may cause pressure injuries; if it is too loose, it will not achieve the purpose of immobilization.

(2) Check the suitability of the brace. Regularly inspect whether the brace is pressing against the skin, causing symptoms such as pain, swelling, and changes in skin color.

(3) Keep the skin clean. Avoid direct contact between the brace and the skin. You can place a cotton towel underneath and keep the skin clean. Wash the affected limb wearing the brace every day.

(4) Move the unrestricted joints. Regularly move the joints not restricted by the brace to prevent joint stiffness and muscle atrophy.

(5) Wearing time. Determine the wearing time according to the doctor's advice and avoid wearing it for too long or too short.